Gender Equity in Public Affairs Pedagogy:

Structure, Content, and Practice for a More Inclusive Public Sector

Nicole M. Elias

CUNY - John Jay College of Criminal Justice

Maria J. D'Agostino

CUNY - John Jay College of Criminal Justice

Vanessa Diez

CUNY John Jay College of Criminal Justice

Erik Krause

CUNY - John Jay College of Criminal Justice

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24926/jsepa.v2i1.4973

Keywords: gender equitable pedagogy, gender equity, public service, SOGIE, DEI


Abstract

Gender is an important component of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) pedagogy in public affairs, yet gender remains largely absent from public affairs education in three central ways: how courses are structured, the content of courses, and the practice of pedagogy. This article explains the value and need for gender equitable pedagogy in public affairs curricula. We conduct a descriptive analysis of scholarship and best practices from leading think tanks and public advocacy research organizations. Ultimately, this work provides recommendations to strengthen gender equity pedagogy both inside the classroom and in public sector workplaces.


Author Biographies

Nicole M. Elias, CUNY - John Jay College of Criminal Justice

 

Nicole M. Elias (she/her) (nelias@jjay.cuny.edu) is an associate professor in the Department of Public Management at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, CUNY, and founding codirector of the Initiative for Gender Equity in the Public Sector.

Maria J. D'Agostino, CUNY - John Jay College of Criminal Justice

 

Maria J. D’Agostino (she/her) (mdagostino@jjay.cuny.edu) is a professor of public administration in the Department of Public Management at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, CUNY, and founding codirector of the Initiative for Gender Equity in the Public Sector.

Vanessa Diez, CUNY John Jay College of Criminal Justice

Vanessa Diez (she/her) (vanessa.diez@jjay.cuny.edu) is a federal program specialist for the Office of Refugee Resettlement, working with unaccompanied minors, unaccompanied refugee minors, and their families. Vanessa earned her BA in psychology from The City College of New York, CUNY and is a graduate of the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, CUNY, MPA–Public Policy and Administration program. She was a Graduate Fellow with the Initiative for Gender Equity in the Public Sector.

Erik Krause, CUNY - John Jay College of Criminal Justice

Erik Krause (He/Him/His) is a Digital Outreach Specialist with the Education Debt Consumer Assistance Program (EDCAP) at the Community Service Society of New York (CSS). He is also a graduate student at John Jay College pursuing a Master of Public Administration – Public Policy and Administration degree. He has an MBA from New York University with concentrations in marketing, analytics, and entertainment & media. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration at Ohio State University with a specialization in marketing and a minor in design.


References

Abbott, Traci B. 2009. “Teaching Transgender Literature at a Business College.” Race, Gender & Class 16, (1–2): 152–169. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41658865

Abrams, Laura S., and Jené A. Moio. 2009. “Critical Race Theory and the Cultural Competence Dilemma in Social Work Education.” Journal of Social Work Education 45 (2): 245–261. https://doi.org/10.5175/JSWE.2009.200700109

Aguilar-Hernández, José M. 2020. “Queering Critical Race Pedagogy: Reflections of Disrupting Erasure While Centering Intersectionality.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 33 (6): 679–694. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2020.1747660

Akarcay, L. Alp, and Justin Jacobs. 2021. “Gender- and Sexuality-Inclusive Curriculum in an Intensive Language Program.” Social Sciences & Humanities Open. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3926086

Arday, Jason, Dina Zoe Belluigi, and Dave Thomas. 2020. “Attempting to Break the Chain: Reimaging Inclusive Pedagogy and Decolonising the Curriculum Within the Academy.” Educational Philosophy and Theory 53 (3): 298–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2020.1773257

Arendale, David. 2018. “Introduction to Special Issue on Universal Design for Inclusive Pedagogy and a Future Research Agenda.” Education Sciences 8 (4): 203. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci8040203

Awang-Hashim, Rosna, Amrita Kaur, and Nena P. Valdez. 2019. “Strategizing Inclusivity in Teaching Diverse Learners in Higher Education.” Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction. 16 (1): 105–128. https://doi.org/10.32890/mjli2019.16.1.5

Barnard Center for Engaged Pedagogy. n.d. “Gender Inclusivity in the Classroom.” Accessed January 10, 2022. https://cep.barnard.edu/gender-inclusivity-classroom

Beaty, LeAnn, and Trenton J. Davis. 2012. “Gender Disparity in Professional City Management: Making the Case for Enhancing Leadership Curriculum.” Journal of Public Affairs Education 18 (4): 617–632. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=ipns-facpubs

Bishu, Sebawit G., Mary E. Guy, and Nuri Heckler. 2019. “Seeing Gender and Its Consequences.” Journal of Public Affairs Education 25 (2): 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2018.1565039

Bishu, Sebawit, Sean McCandless, and Nicole Elias. 2020. “Gender in Emergency Services: Foundations for Greater Equity in Professional Codes of Ethics.” Public Integrity 23 (6): 610–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2020.1825179

Black-Hawkins, Kristine. 2017. “Understanding Inclusive Pedagogy.” In Inclusive Education, ed. Vicky Plows and Ben Whitburn, 13–28. Rotterdam: SensePublishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-866-2_2

Blessett, Brandi. 2018. “Embedding Cultural Competence and Racial Justice in Public Administration Programs.” Journal of Public Affairs Education 24 (4): 425–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2018.1520383

Blessett, Brandi, Jennifer Dodge, Beverly Edmond, Holly T. Goerdel, Susan T Gooden, Andrea M Headley, Norma M. Riccucci, and Brian N. Williams. 2019. “Social Equity in Public Administration: A Call to Action.” Perspectives on Public Management and Governance 2 (4): 283–299. https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvz016

Bond, A. Elaine, Nidal Farid Eshah, Mohammed Bani-Khaled, Atef Omar Hamad, Samira Habashneh, Hussein Kataua’, Imad al-Jarrah, Andaleeb Abu Kamal, Falastine Rafic Hamdan, and Roqia Maabreh. 2010. “Who Uses Nursing Theory? A Univariate Descriptive Analysis of Five Years’ Research Articles.” Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 25 (2): 404–409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6712.2010.00835.x

Bourke, Juliet, and Andrea Titus. 2020. “The Key to Inclusive Leadership.” Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2020/03/the-key-to-inclusive-leadership

Brown, T. N., Jody L. Herman, and Andrew S. Park. 2017. Exploring International Priorities and Best Practices for the Collection of Data about Gender Minorities. The Williams Institute. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Intl-Data-Collection-Gender-Minorities-Mar-2017.pdf

Bukhari, Syeda Shazia and B.C Sharm. 2014. “Workplace Gender Diversity & Inclusive Growth in Public & Private Organizations.” Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 49 (3): 551–563. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24546997

Burg, J. J. W. 2008. Drooling in Children with Cerebral Palsy [E-book]. UB Nijmegen [Host]. Accessed April 21, 2022. https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/65576/65576_drooinchw.pdf?sequence=1#page=66.

Burghstahler, S. 2008. “Universal Design in Education: From Principles to Practice.” Cambridge: Harvard Education Press.

Burke, Penny Jane. 2017. “Difference in Higher Education Pedagogies: Gender, Emotion and Shame.” Gender and Education 29 (4): 430–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2017.1308471

Carr, Sadie S. 2020. Reviving Rhetoric Through Conversation: Feminist Rhetorical Pedagogies for a Deliberative Democracy. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6855&context=etd

Chan, Christian D., and Lionel C. Howard. 2020. “When Queerness Meets Intersectional Thinking: Revolutionizing Parallels, Histories, and Contestations.” Journal of Homosexuality 67 (3): 346–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2018.1530882

Conroy, Maureen A., Glen Dunlap, Shelley Clarke, and Peter J. Alter. 2005. “A Descriptive Analysis of Positive Behavioral Intervention Research with Young Children with Challenging Behavior.” Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 25 (3): 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/02711214050250030301

Cotán, Almudena, Arecia Aguirre, Beatriz Morgado and Noelia Melero. 2021. “Methodological Strategies of Faculty Members: Moving toward Inclusive Pedagogy in Higher Education.” Sustainability 13 (6). https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/6/3031

Couillard, Ellyn, and Jeanne Higbee. 2018. “Expanding the Scope of Universal Design: Implications for Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation.” Education Sciences 8 (3): 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci8030147

Cronin, Catherine, Maureen Foster, and Elizabeth Lister. 1999. “SET for the Future: Working Towards Inclusive Science, Engineering and Technology Curricula in Higher Education.” Studies in Higher Education 24 (2): 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079912331379868

Daniels, Jennifer R., and Tracy J. Geiger. 2010. Universal Design and LGBTQ (Lesbian, Gay, Transgender, Bisexual, and Queer) Issues: Creating Equal Access and Opportunities for Success. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED530463.pdf

Danowitz, Mary Ann, and Frank Tuitt. 2011. “Enacting Inclusivity Through Engaged Pedagogy: A Higher Education Perspective.” Equity & Excellence in Education 44 (1): 40–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665684.2011.539474

Davey, Jonathan, Rebecca M Turner, Mike J Clarke, and Julian PT Higgins. 2011. “Characteristics of Meta-Analyses and Their Component Studies in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: A Cross-Sectional, Descriptive Analysis.” BMC Medical Research

Methodology 11 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-11-160

Dewsbury, Bryan, and Cynthia J. Brame. 2019. “Inclusive Teaching.” CBE–Life Sciences Education 18 (2). https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.19-01-0021.

Dockendorff, Kari J. 2019. “Measuring and Predicting Trans Inclusivity in Higher Education: Understanding the Behavior of Key Institutional Agents.” The University of Utah ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2501500561?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true

Earthjustice. “Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion.” Earthjustice. Accessed May 22, 2022. https://earthjustice.org/about/diversity-equity-inclusion

Elias, Nicole M. Rishel. 2013. Shifting Diversity Perspectives and New Avenues for Representative Bureaucracy. Public Administration Quarterly 37 (3): 331–372. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24372111

Elias, Nicole M, and Maria J. D’Agostino. 2019. “Gender Competency in Public Administration Education.” Teaching Public Administration 37 (2): 218–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/0144739419840766

Ervin, Ruth A., Pamela M. Radford, Kathy Bertsch, Andrew L. Piper, Kristal E. Ehrhardt, and Alan Poling. 2001. “A Descriptive Analysis and Critique of the Empirical Literature on School-Based Functional Assessment.” School Psychology Review 30 (2): 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2001.12086109

Espinoza-Madrigal, Iván. 2012. “Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Diversity in the Workplace.” Practical Lawyer 58: 39–48.

Evans, Michelle D. 2018. “Gender Representation in MPA Ethics Courses.” Journal of Public Affairs Education. 24 (3): 342–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2018.1426427

Evans, Michelle D, and Hillary J Knepper. 2021. “Building Inclusive PA Classrooms: The Diversity Inclusion Model.” Teaching Public

Administration 39 (1): 84–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0144739420937762

Ferfolja, Tania, and Jacqueline Ullman. 2021. “Inclusive Pedagogies for Transgender and Gender Diverse Children: Parents’ Perspectives on the Limits of Discourses of Bullying and Risk in Schools.” Pedagogy, Culture & Society 29 (5): 793–810. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2021.1912158

Fontenot, Brandi, Margaret Uwayo, Sarah M. Avendano, and Denise Ross. 2019. “A Descriptive Analysis of Applied Behavior Analysis Research with Economically Disadvantaged Children.” Behavior Analysis in Practice 12 (4): 782–794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617019-00389-8

Forlin, C. 2010. Teacher Education for Inclusion. Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780203850879/teacher-education-inclusionchris-forlin

Freire, P. 1970. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Bloomsbury Academic.

Garibay, Juan, C. 2015. “Stem Students’ Social Agency and Views on Working for Social Change: Are Stem Disciplines Developing Socially and Civically Responsible Students?” Journal of Research in Science Teaching 52 (5): 610–632. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21203.

Goldberg, Abbie E., Genny Beemyn, and JuliAnna Z. Smith. 2019. “What Is Needed, What Is Valued: Trans Students’ Perspectives on Trans-Inclusive Policies and Practices in Higher Education.” Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation 29 (1): 27–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/10474412.2018.1480376

Guðjónsdóttir, Hafdís and Edda Óskarsdóttir. 2016. “Inclusive Education, Pedagogy and Practice.” In Science Education Towards Inclusion, eds. Silvija Markic and Simone Abels, pp. 7–22. New York:. Nova Science Publishers.

Hatch, Megan E. 2018. “Quiet Voices: Misalignment of the Three Cs in Public Administration Curriculum.” Journal of Public Affairs

Education 24 (2): 152–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2018.1429814

Hayward, Lorna, Aysha Alawadhi & Flavia Fretias. 2021. “Listening to Student Voices as a Step Toward Strengthening Inclusive and Intercultural Teaching Approaches.” Teaching and Learning Together in Higher Education 1 (32), 1–9.

https://repository.brynmawr.edu/tlthe/vol1/iss32/8utm_source=repository.brynmawr.edu%2Ftlthe%2Fvol1%2Fiss32%2F8&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages.

Jennings, Michael E., and Marvin Lynn. 2005. “The House That Race Built: Critical Pedagogy, African-American Education, and the Re-conceptualization of a Critical Race Pedagogy.” Educational Foundations 19 (3–4): 15–32.

Jimenez, Terese C., Victoria L. Graf and Ernest Rose. 2007. “Gaining Access to General Education: The Promise of Universal Design for Learning.” Issues in Teacher Education. 6 (12). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ796250.pdf

Keogh, C., E. Wallace, K. K. O’Brien, R. Galvin, S. M. Smith, C. Lewis, A. Cummins, G. Cousins, B. D. Dimitrov, and T. Fahey. 2014. “Developing an International Register of Clinical Prediction Rules for Use in Primary Care: A Descriptive Analysis.” The Annals of Family Medicine 12 (4): 359–366. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1640

Kruse, Sharon D., Shameem Rakha, and Shannon Calderone. 2018. “Developing Cultural Competency in Higher Education: An Agenda for Practice.” Teaching in Higher Education 23 (6): 733–750. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2017.1414790

Lambda Legal. n.d. “Best Practices for Supporting Transgender Students.” Accessed January 16, 2022. https://www.lambdalegal.org/know-your-rights/article/trans-supporting-students

Ledesma, María C., and Dolores Calderón. 2015. “Critical Race Theory in Education: A Review of Past Literature and a Look to the Future.” Qualitative Inquiry 21 (3): 206–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800414557825

Lewis, W. T. (2010). Inclusive Excellence and the Role of Faculty. Diverse Issues in Higher Education, 27(5), 20–20.

Light, T. P., Nicholas, J., and Bondy, R. 2015. Feminist Pedagogy in Higher Education: Critical Theory and Practice. Ontario, Canada Wilfrid Laurier University Press.

Lopez-Littleton, Vanessa, and Brandi Blessett. 2015. “A Framework for Integrating Cultural Competency into the Curriculum of Public Administration Programs.” Journal of Public Affairs Education 21 (4): 557–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2015.12002220

Luke, Carmen. 1996. “Feminist Pedagogy Theory: Reflections on Power and Authority.” Educational Theory 46 (3): 283–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17415446.1996.00283.x

Lynn, Marvin. 1999. “Toward a Critical Race Pedagogy: A Research Note.” Urban Education 33 (5): 606–626. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085999335004

Mason, Dyana P., Lindsey McDougle, and Jennifer A. Jones. 2019. “Teaching Social Justice in Nonprofit Management Education: A Critical Pedagogy and Practical Strategies.” Administrative Theory & Praxis 41 (4): 405–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2019.1643615

Mavin, S., P. Bryans, and T. Waring. 2004. “Unlearning Gender Blindness: New Directions in Management Education.” Management Decision 42 (3/4): 565–578. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740410522287

Morgan, Hannah, and Ann-Marie Houghton (2011, May). “Inclusive Curriculum Design in Higher Education: Considerations for Effective Practice Across and Within Subject Areas.” The Higher Education Academy. Accessed April 15, 2022. http://s3.euwest2.amazonaws.com/assets.creode.advancehe-document-manager/documents/hea/private/resources/ introduction_and_overview_1568037036.pdf

Moriña, Anabel. 2022. “Faculty Members Who Engage in Inclusive Pedagogy: Methodological and Affective Strategies for Teaching.” Teaching in Higher Education 27 (3): 371–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2020.1724938

Moriña, Anabel, M. Dolores Cortés-Vega, and Víctor M. Molina. 2015. “Faculty Training: An Unavoidable Requirement for Approaching More Inclusive University Classrooms.” Teaching in Higher Education 20 (8): 795–806. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2015.1085855

Moriña, Anabel, and Inmaculada Orozco. 2020. “Planning and Implementing Actions for Students with Disabilities: Recommendations from Faculty Members Who Engage in Inclusive Pedagogy.” International Journal of Educational Research 103: 101639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101639

Nelsen, Matthew D. 2021. “Cultivating Youth Engagement: Race & the Behavioral Effects of Critical Pedagogy.” Political Behavior 43 (2): 751–784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-019-09573-6

Nemi Neto, João. 2018. “Queer Pedagogy: Approaches to Inclusive Teaching.” Policy Futures in Education 16 (5): 589–604. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210317751273

New York University. n.d. “Trans Inclusive Practices in the Classroom.” Accessed January 10, 2022. https://www.nyu.edu/life/global-inclusion-and-diversity/learningand-development/toolkits/trans-inclusive-classrooms.html

Norris, Marcos, and Andrew Welch. 2020. “Gender Pronoun Use in the University Classroom: A Post-Humanist Perspective.” Transformation in Higher Education 5 (May). https://doi.org/10.4102/the.v5i0.79

OpenSesame. 2021. “Strategy 1: Embrace a Holistic Approach to Create a New Business Culture.” OpenSesame. https://

www.opensesame.com/site/resources/whitepaper/dei-strategy-1/

Opertti, Renato, and Jayne Brady. 2011. “Developing Inclusive Teachers from an Inclusive Curricular Perspective.” PROSPECTS 41 (3): 459–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-011-9205-7

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2017. Toolkit for Mainstreaming and Implementing Gender Equality. https://www.oecd.org/gender/governance/toolkit/government/assessment-of-gender-impact/

Paiz, Joshua M. 2019. “Queering Practice: LGBTQ+ Diversity and Inclusion in English Language Teaching.” Journal of Language, Identity and Education 18 (4): 266–775. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2019.1629933.

Parker, Laurence, and David O. Stovall. 2004. “Actions Following Words: Critical Race Theory Connects to Critical Pedagogy.” Educational Philosophy and Theory 36 (2): 167–182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14695812.2004.00059.x

Parra-Martínez, José, María-Elia Gutiérrez-Mozo, and Ana Gilsanz-Díaz. 2021. “Inclusive Higher Education and the Built Environment. A Research and Teaching Agenda for Gender Mainstreaming in Architecture Studies.” Sustainability 13 (5): 2565. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052565

Pennell, Summer Melody. 2020. “Queer Theory/Pedagogy and Social Justice Education.” In Handbook on Promoting Social Justice in Education, ed. Rosemary Papa, 2291–2311. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14625-2_103

Portillo, Shannon, Domonic Bearfield, and Nicole Humphrey. 2020. “The Myth of Bureaucratic Neutrality: Institutionalized Inequity in Local Government Hiring.” Review of Public Personnel Administration 40 (3): 516–531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X19828431

Quaye, S. J., and Harper, S. R. 2007. “Faculty Accountability for Culturally Inclusive Pedagogy and Curricula.” Liberal Education, 93(3), 32–39. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ775570.pdf

Riccucci, Norma M. 2021. “Applying Critical Race Theory to Public Administration Scholarship.” Perspectives on Public Management and Governance 4 (4): 324–338. https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvab016

Rice, Mitchell F. 2007. “A Postmodern Cultural Competency Framework for Public Administration and Public Service Delivery.” International Journal of Public Sector Management 20 (7): 622–637. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550710823524

Roberts, L. M., Nelson, R., Purcell, C., and Harbin, B. 2020. “Teaching Beyond the Gender Binary in the University Classroom.” Vanderbilt Center for Teaching. Accessed October 16, 2021. https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/teaching-beyond-the-gender-binaryin-the-university-classroom/

Sanger, Catherine S., and Nancy W. Gleason, eds. 2020. Diversity and Inclusion in Global Higher Education: Lessons from Across Asia. Singapore: Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1628-3

Silva, H.L.A., C.F. Balthazar, R. Silva, A.H. Vieira, R.G.B. Costa, E.A. Esmerino, M.Q. Freitas, and A.G. Cruz. 2018. “Sodium Reduction and Flavor Enhancer Addition in Probiotic Prato Cheese: Contributions of Quantitative Descriptive Analysis and Temporal Dominance of Sensations for Sensory Profiling.” Journal of Dairy Science 101 (10): 8837–8846. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-14819

Smith, Ryan A. 2002. “Race, Gender, and Authority in the Workplace: Theory and Research.” Annual Review of Sociology 28 (1): 509-542. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141048

Spratt, Jennifer, and Lani Florian. 2015. “Inclusive Pedagogy: From Learning to Action. Supporting Each Individual in the Context of ‘Everybody.” Teaching and Teacher Education 49 (July): 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2015.03.006

Staley, Sara, and Bethy Leonardi. 2019. “Complicating What We Know: Focusing on Educators’ Processes of Becoming Gender and Sexual Diversity Inclusive.” Theory Into Practice 58 (1): 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2018.1536916

Stivers, Camilla. 2002. “Gender and Public Administration” in Gender Images in Public Administration: Legitimacy and the Administrative State, ed. Camilla Stivers, 2–8. Thousand Oaks: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452229294.

Stonewall. 2016. “Do Ask, Do Tell: Capturing Data on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Globally.” https://www.stonewall.org.uk/sites/default/files/do_ask_do_tell_guide_2016.pdf

Tanner, Kimberly D. 2013. “Structure Matters: Twenty-One Teaching Strategies to Promote Student Engagement and Cultivate Classroom Equity.” CBE—Life Sciences Education 12 (3): 322–331.

The Harriet W. Sheridan Center for Teaching and Learning, ed. n.d. “Diversity & Inclusion Syllabus Statements.”

Sheridan Center. Brown University. Accessed May 30, 2022. https://www.brown.edu/sheridan/teachinglearning-resources/inclusive-teaching/statements

The Human Rights Campaign. n.d.a. “Supporting an Inclusive Culture (Criteria 3a and b).” Accessed January 22, 2022. https://www.thehrcfoundation.org/professional-resources/supporting-an-inclusive-culture-criteria-3a-and-b.

The Human Rights Campaign Foundation. n.d.b. “Transgender Inclusion in the Workplace: Recommended Policies and Practices.” Accessed January 10, 2022. https://www.thehrcfoundation.org/professional-resources/transgender-inclusion-in-the-workplace-recommended-policies-and-practices

Titov, Nickolai, Blake Dear, Olav Nielssen, Lauren Staples, Heather Hadjistavropoulos, Marcie Nugent, Kelly Adlam, et al. 2018. “ICBT in Routine Care: A Descriptive Analysis of Successful Clinics in Five Countries.” Internet Interventions 13 (September): 108–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2018.07.006

Transgender Law Center. 2013. “Model Transgender Employment Policy–Negotiating for Inclusive Workplaces.”

https://transgenderlawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/model-workplace-employment-policy-Updated.pdf

United Nations. 2019. “Sustainable Development Goal 16: Focus on Public Institutions, World Public Sector Report 2019.” Division for Public Institutions and Digital Government, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York, June. https://publicadministration.

un.org/publications/content/PDFs/World%20Public%20Sector%20Report2019.pdf

USAID. 2021a, July 26). Engendering Utilities: Integrating Gender into Workplace Policies. United States Agency for International Development.

USAID. 2021b. “Gender 101 Training.” U.S. Agency for International Development. https://www.usaid.gov/engendering/industries/gender-101-training

Vázquez, Marisa Beatriz, Ana Curia, and Guillermo Hough. 2009. “Sensory Descriptive Analysis, Sensory Acceptability and Expectation Studies on Biscuits with Reduced Added Salt and Increased Fiber.” Journal of Sensory Studies 24 (4): 498–511. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.2009.00223.x

Webb, Lynn M., Myria. W. Allen, & Kandi L. Walker. (2002). “Feminist Pedagogy: Identifying Basic Principles.” Academic Exchange Quarterly, 6, 67–72.

Weiler, Kathleen. 1991. “Freire and a Feminist Pedagogy of Difference.” Harvard Educational Review 61 (4): 449–475. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.61.4.a102265jl68rju84

Wyatt-Nichol, Heather, and Kwame Badu Antwi-Boasiako. 2008. “Diversity Across the Curriculum: Perceptions and Practices.” Journal of Public Affairs Education 14 (1): 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2008.12001511

Yang, Jiyun, and Jeehyun Lee. 2019. “Application of Sensory Descriptive Analysis and Consumer Studies to Investigate Traditional and Authentic Foods: A Review.” Foods 8 (2): 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8020054

Zajda, Joseph and Kassie Freeman, eds. 2009. Race, Ethnicity and Gender in Education. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9739-3